2nd part of Analogy to THEORY OF EVERYTHING

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Next from Scientific American July 2000 Page 75 upper right Quote:

AThe Standard Model

    The Standard Model of particle physics encompasses our knowledge of the fundamental particles and how they interact. It contains two kinds of particlesBparticles of matter and particles that transmit forces. For example, the electromagnetic force between a  proton and an electron is generated by photons (Particles of light) being passed back and forth between them.  The matter particles come in three families of four, each family differing only by mass. All the matter around us is made of particles

from the lightest family. These are Aup@ quarks, Adown@ quarks, electrons and electron-neutrinos. The other two families of matter particles exist only ephemerally after being created in high-energy

collisions (neutrinos, however, are long lived).  The quarks are stuck together by the strong force, carried by gluon’s, to form Ahadrons,@ which include the photons and neutrons that combine to make atomic nuclei. Electrons, attracted to these nuclei by the electromagnetic force carried by photons, orbit nuclei to form atoms and molecules. The weak interaction, carried by the W and Z particles, helps to fuel the sun and is responsible when an atomic nucleus decays and emits an electron and a neutrino.

   Gravity, the weakest force, is most familiar to us because it acts on mass and we live on a very massive object, the earth. Particles called gravitons are assumed to carry gravity, but they have not

been detected, because the force is so weak.  Also, gravitons are not yet properly incorporated into the Standard Model. The entire system of matter and forces (Except gravity) is encapsulated in a few

simple equations derived from a function (The system=s ALagrangian@) that is organized around one core principle (known as local gauge symmetry). Why nature has three families of matter is just one of many questions unanswered by the Standard Model. Considered one of the great intellectual triumphs of 20^th-century science, the Standard Model can only be a stepping-stone to a more complete description of nature=s forces.                                      BGram P. Collins, staff writer@

Integration of the differentiated descriptions of modern science in the above Standard Model

into Jack L. Doan=s Analogies spiral energy string theory and Unified Field Theory will be

accomplished in the following refinement of my Analogies.

7/23/2000 continue Jack L. Doan Analogies

Got the book, paperback, A Complete Education-Without The Tuition! Instant Physics from Aristotle to Einstein, and beyond by Tony Rothman, Ph. D. Byson Press Book published by Fawcett Columbine – New York

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From page 101 Ademo 1 More On Forces and Fields!! Make sure you know definitions on force and field strength from the text.  You also need the definition of potential energy from Chapter 3.         

Physicists designate the gravitational field strength to be defined as g = F/m; it is just the acceleration, g.  By analogy the electric field strength is defined as E = F/q.  Notice the analogy is not exact.  We know by now F = ma, always.  That means the electric field is E – F/q = ma/q.  The field strength is in not the acceleration, as it is for the gravitational field, but the acceleration multiplied by the ratio (m/q).@

     1:   e = m c^2

     2:  d/de (e = m c^2)

     3:   m := 1 10^-30 approximate mass of electron

     4: c := 0.1  3 10^8 @ c = speed  is 1/10 th the speed of light

     5: e = 9/10000000000000000 = the energy is 9 times 10^ – 16   ? units

AAlso we defined potential energy (Chapter 3, Equations 2 and 4) as force applied over given distance, PE = Fd.  For gravity the force on a mass is, from above, F = mg.  For electric field the force on a charge is F = qE.  We can then write for the potential energy of the charge

       PE = Fd = qEd.      (1)

Combination Ed is given a special name: volts; Ed = V.@

My response to page 179 of Quantum Mechanics A(on the other hand, the mass of an electron is only 10^-30 kilograms and it may be moving at a tenth the speed of light.  In this case LAMBDA db can be large enough to measure (calculate it!).@  First I calculated e see equations 1 thru 5 above my start using program DERIVE in refining my analogies.  Next LAMBDA db = h/mv = h/p.   (9) From page 165 Quantum Mechanics Elight = h*v.    (1) 

AH v was the frequency of the light and h was a number.  From the experimental data Planck found that the h was about 6.6 * 10^-34 joule – seconds.  Today h is called Planck=s constant in his honor.  Just as important he needed to postulate that the black body Astrings@ could not have any old energy, but had to have discrete energy given by

          Estring =  nhv       Or          v = Estring/nh.       (2)

The important thing is that the number n must be an integer, 1, 2, 3,… then the bottom form of equation 2 shows that the string (oscillator) with a given energy Estring vibrates at a certain frequency when n = 1, at another when n = 2, etc., but it cannot vibrate at frequencies in between.  (2) is contained the original use of the Quantum Principle: certain quantities in nature occur only in discrete intervals; the size of these intervals is determined by Planck=s constant, h.@

Therefore: LAMBDA db = h/mv = h/p

LAMBDA db =       6.6*10^-34   /    1*10^-30  *   .1*3*10^-30

cycles per second    joule-seconds       kilograms     meters / second

LAMBDA db =       6.6*10^-34     /     .3*10^-60

cycles per second     joule-seconds       kilograms meter / second

LAMBDA db = 6.6/.3 * 10^26

LAMBDA db = 22*10^26 cycles/second                                                                                             

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Continued the above quote ADeBroglie=s ideas were confirmed in 1927 when electrons, beamed through crystals, showed wave-like diffraction patterns, just like those in Young=s experiment!  The idea that particles sometimes behave like waves and visa versa leads to startling results.  For example we know from Young=s experiment that a beam of light shown on two slits will form a specific diffraction pattern on a distant wall or photographic plate (see chapter 4).  This two slit diffraction pattern is conclusive proof that light behaves as a wave and is passing through both slits.  If you cover up one slit, you do not get the same pattern. 

On the other hand, we have said a beam of light consists of particles called photons.  Pretend the beam of light is so dim that one photon at a time is passing by the slits.  If photons are particles, surely each passes through one slit or the other.  Indeed, if you perform this experiment you will see on the photographic plate little spots where the photons have fallen, conclusive proof of the particle nature of photons.  But as the pattern builds up over many photons, you reproduce the 2 slit diffraction pattern, which is proof that the light passes through both slits and is a wave!  If you cover up one slit or the other each time a photon passes you won=t get the 2 slit pattern!  Each photon must somehow sense both slits, like a wave, even though it is recorded on the photographic plate like a particle!@

Now, in continuing my Jack L. Doan analogy refinement, #4 Analogy of spiral String Energy the photon will be further discussed to demonstrate that the above wave particle duality which is the central dilemma of the 20^th century and now still unsolved until now with this publication in the 21^st century we=re starting with the refinement of Jack L. Doan=s #4 Analogy of Spiral String Energy

delineation of the photons wave particle duality.

The spiral string of energy of E = mc^2 is the sub-component of this particle photon that has this energy field the photons part of ether that extends outside of present day science defined radius by many magnitudes.

              

   “180          INSTANT PHYSICS                                                                                               17